Irish Coinage
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Hiberno-Norse coinage
The Hiberno-Norse Coinage of Ireland, ~995 to ~1150
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John_Stafford-Langan
Version 1.11a
22nd June, 2003
THIS PAGE IS INCOMPLETE 1-Oct-2001
Introduction to the Hiberno-Norse coinage of Ireland
The first locally produced Irish coinage was the so-called Hiberno-Norse coinage which was first minted in Dublin in about 995-7 AD under the authority of Sithric III (aka Sithric Silkbeard), the Norse king of Dublin. The early Hiberno-Norse coins were good copies of the English pennies of the period (typically of Aethelred II 979-1016 AD).
The Hiberno-Norse coinage quickly degraded to crude copies of the 'long cross' type of Aethelred and by about 1030 AD they contain minimal legends of vertical strokes instead of letters.
During the following 100 years the coins became increasingly crude though for the most part still recognisably inheriting their design from the 'long cross' coinage. By the early 1100s the coins were either double or single sided bracteates (thin coins where the design on one side appears in reverse on the other) and sometime before the Normans arrival in Ireland in 1169/70 production had ceased.
Phase I - Contemporary Copies of English Anglo Saxon Pennies
The earliest coinage of Ireland comprises an issue of silver pennies under the authority of Sithric III (aka Sithric Silkbeard) king of Dublin. These pennies follow the style of the contemporary pennies of aethelred of England. The Irish coins are made of good silver and are usually signed in Sithric's name and by a Dublin Moneyer so this is not an attempt at forgery but instead it is a pragmatic approach to produce coins with designs that would be widely acceptable.
Aethelred's English coinage consisted almost exclusively of silver pennies struck in as many as 97 burough mints in Anglo Saxon England. As a means of controlling the activities of the mints the policy was to change the design of the coinage every six years.
The Irish mint began its operation sometime during the CRUX issue of Aethelred.
The CRUX issue
Hiberno Norse - Phase I - Crux penny
The CRUX issue was produce in England between about 996 and 1001 AD. The irish mint began operation during this period - probably about 997 AD. The coins were issued in Sithric's name and signed by several Dublin Moneyers. Coins also occur with Aethelred signatures on the obverse but with Dublin moneyers on the reverse and similarly with English moneyers coupled with Sithric obverses.
The fourth possibility which is an Irish coin but with both sides containing directly copied 'English' signatures is possible, but such coins would be difficult to distinguish from 'real' English pennies. (They could be identified by several means, but the problem is that unless they are found in a context which suggests that they are Irish they would be identified as English and would not get the scrutiny they need to be identified as Irish).
The Irish CRUX pennies are well struck on large flans and usually occur in Very Fine or better condition. They coins are quite scarce and as they are generally considered to be the first coins struck in Ireland the are quite sough after.
The CRUX pennies were also copied widely in Scandinavia and many examples which previously considered to be Irish are now ascribed to Scandanavian production. There was a consideable trade between Ireland and Scandanavia at the time and many Irish coins have occurred in Scandanavian hoards as indeed have Scandanavian examples ocurred in irish finds.
The Long Cross Issue
Hiberno Norse Phase I Penny - Long Cross
The next issue of Aethelred following the CRUX issue was the 'Long Cross' issue. The Irish mint probably adopted the new design within a few months of its appearing in England. The English issue was issued between 1002 AD and 1008 AD - the Irish mint was probably active for most of this period and produced more coins of this type than any other Phase I issue.
The are more Irish moneyers involved in the issue and there is a similar series of coins with either 'English' signatures or 'English' moneyers to the CRUX issue.
Long Cross Phase I iberno Norse coins are scarce but gerenally more available than any other Phase I coins. They also occur in generally better condition than later issues.
The Long Cross coinage was even more widely copied in Scandanavia and elsewhere so many blundered versions exist. The design was used in many areas even after Aethelred's death in 1016 AD - the next two phases of Irish Hiberno Norse coinage revert to this design instead of continuing the practice of copying the contemporary English designs. (see Phase II and III)
THYMN and OGSEN
Hiberno Norse - Phase I - Long Cross - Thymn
It is during the Long Cross issue that two unusual Phase I Hiberno Norse Coins occur. These coins are struck from well executed dies and have characteristics similar to those of the Long Cross issue of Sithric except that they are issued in the names of Thymn and Ogsen. The issuers are unknown to history other than from their coins. There has been some speculation about their origin and in the cased of the Thymn coins speculation that they were struck outside Dublin. Thymn's coins are rare, Ogsen's are extremely rare.
The Helmet Issue
The helmet issue of Aethelred followed his Long Cross issue - In Dublin these coins were also copied in Sithric's name, but the issue was probably much smaller as the coins are comparatively rarer.
The Small Cross Issue
Hiberno Norse - Phase I - Small Cross
Aethelred's final issue of pennies was of the small cross type - in England this type was a reversion to an earlier type whih can give rise to some confusion in the English series, but the Hiberno Norse issue clearly did not begin until the Crux issue so the Hiberno Norse small cross coins can be asscribed to period of Aethelred's last small cross issue. These coins are also scarcer than the Long Cross Type indicating that the minting operations in Dublin were in decline.
The Quatrefoil Issue (Cnut)
Aethelred II died in 1016 AD and was succeeded by Cnut (son of Sven Forkbeard King of Denmark). Cnut's first issue of coins featured a quatrefoil on both sides. The Dublin mint was operating early in this issue and still copying the contemporary English style, but the coins in imitation of this type are even scarcer than those of Aethelred's Helmet type. The suceeding issue of Cnut (Helmet type) is not represented by any surviving Hiberno Norse Coins and it is likely that the quatrefoil issue saw the end of this first phase of Hiberno Norse coins in about 1018 AD.
Phase II - Later Long Cross Penny Imitations
A
Hiberno Norse Penny - Early Phase II
Following the end of minting of coins in direct imitation of the contemporary English issue - the mint in Dublin appears to have reverted to minting coins in imitation of the Long Cross issue of Aethelred II in about 1020AD.
The Long Cross type was originally issue between about 1002 and 1008 AD. However this type apears to have been particularly popular and perhaps because of a change in the prevailing patterns of trade following the battle of Clontarf (1014 AD) or for other reasons the mint in Dublin found it more useful to produce coins of this older style than to continue following the frequent changes in the English coinage.
This second phase of Hiberno Norse coins and the following one comprise coins which are basically of the Long Cross type. The early phase two coins have a pellet in each quarter of the reverse and are well executed coins with good legible legends. The issue gradually degrades and the legends become less intellible and the quality of the silver is clearly reduced. The final coins of the second phase have legends which are made up of symbols which have only the appearance of lettering and often contain additional symbols. The symbol of the human hand appears on some later coins.
Phase III - Long Cross and Hands issues
Hiberno Norse Phase III - hands and pellets
By about 1035 AD the coinage minted in Dublin had degraded to a point where it is likley that it was only being produced for internal use within Ireland as it had fallen below the standards used in any neighbouring regions. The coins are smaller and of poorer silver, they have legends made up of strokes and symbols rather than lettering, the symbol of the human hand appears on many coins in one or more commonly two quarters of the reverse cross.
The native Irish had no culture of coinage and their experience with the brief earlier issues was clearly insufficient to enable them to continue monting to a high standard following the transfer of power from the Dublin Vikings to the native Irish chieftains and High Kings.
This phase of Hiberno Norse coinage continued until about 1060 AD.
Phase IV - Scratched Die Issues
Phase V - Crude Imitative Issues
Phase VI - Degraded Long Cross Imitations
Hiberno Norse - Phase VI -
anulets
By about 1100 the Hiberno-Norse coinage settled down into a period of relative stability and a large number of coins of a relatively similar design were produced. These coins had an obverse design which was a degraded form of the Aethelred radiate bust from his 'long cross' issue with the addition of a crozier design in front of the face. The reverse feature a pair of scepters in opposite quarters and the other pair of quarters usually featured a cross or a pellet, or less often an anulet (see above).
The Phase VI coins were made from
a lower grade silver than the previous issues and tend to
be darker than the earlier issues. There have been
several hoards of these coins found and many individual
finds so the tend to be less expensive than all but the
phase III coins. The coins are generally unattractive
with very poor striking quality and generally dark
surfaces which also tends to depress the prices in the
marketplace.
Phase VII - Semi Bracteates and Bracteates
Bibliography of Hiberno-Norse Coins
Roth, B. "The Coins of the Danish Kings of Ireland" - BNJ VI, 1909
O'Sullivan, W. "The Earliest Irish Coinage" - JRSAI LXXIX, 1949
Dolley, M. "The Hiberno-Norse
Coins in the British Museum" - SCBI 8, 1966